PENGERTIAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN KOOPERATIF
Pengertian Model Pembelajaran Kooperatif menurut Evelin Siregar dan Hartini Nara (2010: 115), pembelajaran kooperatif adalah model pembelajaran yang menekankan aktivitas kolaboratif siswa dalam belajar yang berbentuk kelompok mempelajari materi pelajaran, dan memecahkan masalah secara kolektif kooperatif. Sedangkan menurut Tukiran Taniredja (2012: 55). Menurut Agus Suprijono (2009: 46) model pembelajaran adalah pola yang digunakan sebagai pedoman dalam merencanakan pembelajaran di kelas. Pembelajaran kooperatif merupakan salah satu dari jenis model pembelajaran.
Pengertian Model Pembelajaran kooperatif (cooperative learning) merupakan sistem pengajaran yang memberikan kesempatan kepada siswa untuk bekerja sama dengan sesama siswa dalam tugas-tugas yang terstruktur.
Baca Juga : Strategi, Model, Metode Pembelajaran
Pembelajaran kooperatif merupakan model pembelajaran dengan menggunakan system pengelompokkan/tim kecil, yaitu antara empat sampai enam orang yang mempunyai latar belakang kemampuan akademik, jenis kelamin, ras atau suku yang berbeda (heterogen). Sistem penilaian dilakukan (reward), jika kelompok mampu menunjukkan prestasi yang dipersyaratkan (Wina Sanjaya, 2009: 239), sedangkan menurut Abdurrahman dan Bintoro (2000: 78) pembelajaran kooperatif adalah pembelajaran yang secara sadar dan sistematis mengembangkan interaksi yang silih asah, silih asih, dan silih asuh antara siswa sebagai latihan hidup di dalam masyarakat nyata.
Dari beberapa pendapat tersebut dapat diambil kesimpulan bahwa model pembelajaran kooperatif merupakan model pembelajaran yang mendorong siswa untuk bekerja dalam kelompok kecil empat sampai enam orang untuk bekerja sama satu sama lain. Pembelajaran kooperatif didasarkan pada pemikiran bahwa siswa bekerja bersama-sama dalam belajar dalam satu kelompok.
Menurut Kokom Komala (2013: 62-69) model-model pembelajaran kooperatif meliputi:
- Number Heads Together ( Kepala Bernomor) dari Spencer Kagan (1992). Model pembelajaran di mana siswa diberi nomor dan dibuat suatu kelompok kemudian secara acak guru memanggil nomor dari siswa.
- Cooperative Script (Skrip Kooperatif) dari Slavin (1995). Model pembelajaran di mana siswa bekerja berpasangan, dan secara lisan bergantian mengikhtisarkan bagian-bagian dari materi yang dipelajari.
- Student Teams Achievement Division (STAD) (Tim Siswa Kelompok Prestasi) dari Slavin (1995). Model pembelajaran yang mengelompokkan siswa secara heterogen, kemudian siswa yang pandai menjelaskan pada anggota lain sampai mengerti.
- Think Pair and Share (Frank Lyman, 1985). Model pembelajaran ini merupakan jenis pembelajaran kooperatif yang dirancang untuk mempengaruhi pola interaksi siswa. Think Pair and Share merupakan suatu cara yang efektif untuk membuat variasi suasana pola diskusi kelas.
- Jigsaw (Model Tim Ahli) dari Aronson, Blaney, Stephen, Sikes, dan Snapp (1978). Guru membagi satuan informasi yang besar menjadi komponen- komponen lebih kecil, kemudian membagi kelompok yang terdiri dari empat orang siswa, sehingga setiap anggota bertanggung jawab terhadap subtopik yang sama membentuk kelompok lagi yang terdiri dari dua atau tiga orang. Selain itu siswa tersebut kembali lagi ke kelompok masing-masing sebagai ahli dalam subtopiknya dan mengajarkannya kepada temannya.
- Snowball Throwing (Melempar Bola Salju). Model pembelajaran yang menggali keterampilan siswa membuat dan menjawab pertayaan yang dipadukan melalui suatu permainan imajinatif dengan membentuk dan melempar bola salju.
- Team Games Tournament (TGT). Model TGT adalah salah satu tipe atau model pembelajaran kooperatif yang mudah diterapkan, melibatkan aktivitas seluruh siswa tanpa harus ada perbedaan status, melibatkan peran siswa sebagai tutor sebaya dan mengandung unsur permainan serta reinforcement.
- Cooperative Integrated Reading and Composition (CIRC) (Kooperatif Terpadu Membaca dan Menulis) dari Slavin (1995). Model pembelajaran ini untuk melatih kemampuan siswa secara terpadu antara membaca dan menemukan ide pokok suatu wacana secara tertulis dan memberikan tanggapan terhadap wacana secara tertulis.
- Two Stay Two Stray (Dua Tinggal Dua Tamu) Spencer Kagan 1992 Model pembelajaran ini memberikan kesempatan kepada kelompok untuk membagikan hasil dan informasi dengan kelompok lainnya.
Demikianlah Artikel tentang Pengertian Model Pembelajaran Kooperatif
Referensi:
Abdurrahman dan Bintoro. (2000). Memahami dan Menangani Siswa Dengan Problema Belajar. Jakarta : Departemen Pendidikan Nasional.
Agus Suprijono. (2009). Cooperative Learning dan Aplikasi Paikem.Yogyakarta: Pustaka Belajar.
Asep Jihan dan Abdul haris. (2008). Evaluasi Pembelajaran. Jakarta : Multi Press.
Baharuddin. (2007). Teori Belajar dan Pembelajaran. Jogjakarta: Ar-ruzz Media.
Dimyanti dan Mudjiono. (2009). Belajar dan Pembelajaran. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta.
Djamarah. (2006). Strategi Belajar Mengajar. Jakarta : Rineka Cipta.
Ahmad Susanto, M.Pd. (2013). Teori Belajar dan Pembelajaran. Jakarta: Prenadamedia Group.
Evelin Siregar dan Hartini Nara. (2010). Teori Belajar dan Pembelajaran. Bogor: Ghalia Indonesia.
Furqon Hidayatullah. (2009). Pengembangan Profesional Guru (PPG). Surakarta: Panitia Sertifikasi Guru Rayon 13 Surakarta.
Kokom Komalasari. (2013). Pembelajaran Kontekstual: Konsep dan Aplikasi. Bandung: PT Refika Aditama.
Martinis Yamin. (2007). Kiat Membelajarkan Siswa. Jakarta: Putra Grafika.
Muhibbin Syah. (2012). Psikologi Belajar. Jakarta: Pt Raja Grafindo Persada.
Nana Sudjana. (2004). Dasar-dasar Proses Belajar Mengajar. Bandung: Sinar Baru Algesindo.
Nana Sudjana. (2005). Penilaian Hasil Proses Belajar Mengajar. Jakarta : Pt Remaja Rosdakarya.
Ngalim Purwanto. (2014). Psikologi Pendidikan. Bandung: PT remaja Rosdikarya
Oemar Hamalik. (2011). Proses Belajar Mengajar. Jakarta: PT Bumi Aksara.
Sardiman. (2012). Interaksi dan Motivasi Belajar Mengajar. Jakarta: Rajawali pers.
Saur Tampubolon. (2013). Penelitian Tindakan Kelas Sebagai Sistem Pengembangan Profesi Pendidik Dan Keilmuan. Jakarta: Erlangga.
Slavin Robert E. (2005). Cooperative Learning: Teori, Riset, dan Praktik (Terjemahan). Bandung: Penerbit Nusa Media.
Sutrisno Hadi. (2004). Metodologi Reseach Jilid 3. Yogyakarta : Andi
Syaiful Bahri Djamarah. (2011). Psikologi Belajar. Jakarta: Renika Cipta.
Tukiran Taniredja, Efi Miftah Faridli, & Sri Harmianto. (2012). Model-model Pembelajaran Inovatif. Bandung: Alfabeta
Wina Sanjaya. (2013). Strategi Pembelajaran Berorientasi Standar Proses Pendidikan. Jakarta : Kencana.
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