Reformasi Ekonomi di Indonesia
Reformasi Ekonomi di Indonesia
Daftar Isi
Reformasi Ekonomi di Indonesia dimulai ketika terjadi krisis ekonomi 1997 – 1998. Reformasi ini memiliki banyak perubahan drastis bagi perekonomian Indonesia. Berikut adalah artikel yang membahas tentang reformasi ekonomi di Indonesia. Selamat membaca…
KRISIS MONETER INDONESIA
Pada tahun 1997-1998 yang lalu Indonesia mengalami krisis moneter yang membawa perubahan drastis pada perekonomian kita. Krisis moneter tersebut ditandai dengan melemahnya nilai tukar rupiah yang sangat drastis. Krisis moneter ini tidak hanya terjadi di Indonesia tetapi juga di beberapa negara tetangga seperti Malaysia dan Thailand. Secara sederhana krisis moneter yang dialami Indonesia disebabkan oleh meningkatnya permintaan valuta asing, khususnya dolar AS, yang melebihi penawaran.
Baca Juga: Permasalahan Pertanian Di Indonesia
Ketidakseimbangan antara penawaran dan permintaan tersebut terjadi karena beberapa hal, baik berasal dari dalam maupun dari luar negara. Penyebab internal krisis adalah (Rachbini, 2001): pertama, defisit transaksi berjalan Indonesia yang cenderung membesar dari tahun ke tahun. Akibatnya, tekanan terhadap rupiah menjadi semakin kuat manakala beban pembayaran terhadap impor dan kewajiban terhadap perusahaan jasa-jasa asing semakin besar. Selama ini, defisit transaksi berjalan ditambal dengan arus modal masuk yang cukup besar dalam bentuk investasi langsung dan investasi portofolio. Tetapi setelah krisis kepercayaan terjadi, investor asing tidak ingin menanggung kerugian maka ia membawa modalnya ke luar.
Kedua, tingkat akumulasi inflasi Indonesia yang sangat tinggi. Selama kurun waktu empat tahun (1992-1996) inflasi kumulatif sebesar 39,1 persen, sedangkan inflasi Amerika Serikat hanya 14,3 persen. Tetapi pada saat yang sama depresiasi kumulatif rupiah senantiasa ditahan oleh otoritas moneter sebesar 15,57 persen. Oleh karena itu rupiah sebenarnya overvaluasi karena depresiasi ditahan yakni sekitar 9,2 persen. Pemegang otoritas moneter merasa sangat yakin fundamental ekonomi Indonesia sangat baik sehingga mereka tidak perlu melakukan kebijakan devaluasi.
Ketiga, utang luar negeri Indonesia yang terlalu banyak. Kebijakan utang luar negeri yang dilakukan sejak 1965 telah membuat pemerintah terlena dengan risiko yang harus ditanggung di masa depan. Pada pertengahan tahun 1980-an sesungguhnya kita telah harus menghentikan utang luar negeri karena outflow negatif. Utang pokok dan cicilan yang harus dibayarkan setiap tahun lebih besar daripada utang yang diterima setiap tahun. Kebijakan utang pemerintah ini ditiru oleh sektor swasta yang celakanya lagi tidak dikontrol oleh pemerintah. Mereka berbondong-bondong membuat utang luar negeri karena banyak modal negara maju yang menganggur. Mereka tidak membuat perhitungan cara pengembaliannya di kemudian hari.
Baca Juga: Privatisasi BUMN di Indonesia
Selain faktor internal, faktor eksternal juga mendorong terjadinya krisis moneter. Pertama, pergerakan finansial di tiga kutub dunia (AS, Eropa dan Jepang). Pada paruh kedua dekade 1990-an terjadi pergerakan finansial dari Jepang dan Eropa ke AS karena masalah perekonomian yang dialami Jepang dan proses ekonomi-politik penyatuan mata uang Eropa. Kedua, institusi finansial berbentuk negara dan lembaga keuangan yang berkembang secara global mengalami perkembangan luar biasa sehingga memiliki otoritas yang lebih besar daripada negara berkembang seperti Indonesia. Ketiga, spekulasi yang mengiringi gejolak finansial global.
Sudah lebih dari 1 dekade sejak krisis ekonomi yang lebih dikenal dengan krisis moneter tahun 1997-1998, namun demikian sepertinya Indonesia belum benar-benar mampu bangkit dari keterpurukan, jangankan untuk mengembalikan kedudukannya sebagai macan Asia, Indonesia cenderung terlihat semakin tertinggal dibandingkan dengan negara-negara Asia yang lain. Daya saing Indonesia dilihat dari IPM-nya (Indeks Pembangunan Manusia), saat ini berada dibawah Malaysia dan Singapura. Sebagai ilustrasi, Indeks Pembangunan Manusia Indonesia pada tahun 2013 berada pada urutan ke-121, jauh dibawah negara Malaysia dan Singapura yang masing-masing menempati urutan ke-64 dan ke-18. Industrialisasi yang sebelumnya berkembang pesat, kemudian mengalami perlambatan. Kondisi ini menunjukkan bahwa IPM merupakan faktor yang penting dalam mendukung proses industrialisasi.
Tidak hanya itu di ranah Internasional, Indonesia seperti belum mampu memperkuat sistem perekonomiannya. Sepertinya, krisis moneter 1997/1998 belum memberikan efek pembelajaran yang memperkuat perekonomian Indonesia. Krisis Global yang kembali melanda di tahun 2008 (mortgage subprime) masih memberi shock terhadap perekonomian Indonesia. Hal ini cukup memberikan bukti bahwa perekonomian Indonesia belum mandiri.
Baca Juga: Membedah Korupsi di Indonesia
Reformasi ekonomi sebagai upaya perbaikan ekonomi Indonesia masih berkembang sebagai harapan dan impian yang memerlukan perjuangan lebih keras untuk mewujudkan kesejahteraan bagi seluruh rakyat Indonesia. Untuk itu, diperlukan usaha sangat keras untuk mendorong akselerasi pembangunan ekonomi Indonesia di semua sektor yang ada.
DAMPAK KRISIS MONETER
Krisis moneter yang berkepanjangan di Indonesia menciptakan keresahan yang luar biasa di kalangan rakyat jelata. Mereka yang awam terhadap ekonomi beranggapan bahwa pemerintah Orde Baru telah tidak mampu mengatasi persoalan yang sulit. Di sisi lain rezim Soeharto memang telah melakukan berbagai tindakan represi yang menyakitkan. Atas desakan berbagai pihak, terutama gerakan mahasiswa, rezim Soeharto dijatuhkan.
Pergantian kepemimpinan ini tidak berlangsung mulus. Seperti yang terjadi di masa lalu, pergantian ini diiringi dengan berbagai konflik politik dan ketidakstabilan keamanan. Persoalan yang dihadapi bangsa ini juga ditambah dengan ketidakpastian hukum dan birokrasi yang korup. Di Indonesia, gejolak politik dapat dengan cepat mengimbas pada gejolak keamanan. Situasi semacam itu tentu saja menambah sulit usaha pemulihan ekonomi Indonesia.
Berbeda dengan negara tetangga yang juga mengalami krisis moneter, Indonesia mengalami krisis yang berkepanjangan karena kerusakan sistemik yang harus dibenahi terlebih dahulu. Memang saat ini stabilitas keamanan lebih kondusif daripada lima tahun yang lalu tetapi ini tidak cukup untuk menyelesaikan masalah ekonomi bangsa. Jika negara lain telah keluar dari perawatan dan bimbingan IMF, Indonesia masih tetap menggantungkan diri pada lembaga internasional tersebut. Memang berbagai tanda pemulihan ekonomi sudah sering muncul, tetapi seakan timbul tenggelam, dan sangat fluktuatif.
Ada beberapa kemungkinan yang menyebabkan lambannya Indonesia ke luar dari krisis dibandingkan dengan negara Asia lain. Pertama, gelombang krisis di Indonesia telah menimbulkan kerusakan sistemik yang sangat luas dan dalam, bukan hanya di bidang ekonomi tetapi juga di bidang sosial, politik, hukum, keamanan dan ketertiban umum. Kedua, institusi- institusi yang menjadi pilar kehidupan ekonomi di Indonesia ternyata rapuh, sehingga krisis yang awalnya serupa dengan Malaysia dan Thailand berakhir dengan cara yang berbeda di Indonesia. Ketiga, tekad politik atau kesungguhan untuk ke luar dari krisis tidak sekuat negara yang lain. Hal ini tercermin dari tindakan yang dilakukan oleh vested interest group di kalangan elit kekuasaan untuk mewujudkan kepentingan kelompok dan kebijakan-kebijakan yang tidak sejalan dengan pemulihan ekonomi. Selain ketiga alasan tersebut, dukungan publik terhadap kebijakan pemerintah yang rendah, persaingan antar elit politik, program restrukturisasi ekonomi yang belum berjalan baik dan jeratan utang luar negeri membuat kita tidak hanya harus memperbaiki sistem ekonomi tetapi juga ekonomi politik Indonesia.
REFORMASI EKONOMI
Krisis multi dimensi yang dihadapi bangsa Indonesia harus diselesaikan secara menyeluruh dan berkelanjutan. Ada beberapa hal yang harus dilakukan dalam reformasi ekonomi guna menyelesaikan krisis ekonomi. Hal terpenting adalah mengubah paradigma kebijakan ekonomi Indonesia. Jika di masa-masa yang lalu kita sangat mementingkan pertumbuhan ekonomi, sehingga menghalalkan segala cara termasuk memberi kemudahan yang berlebihan terhadap sektor industri besar dan membuat utang yang terlalu besar, maka saat ini yang perlu diperhatikan adalah membangun fundamental perekonomian yang kuat. Fundamental ekonomi semacam itu dapat kita bangun asal kita tidak sepenuhnya tergantung dari bantuan asing tetapi mengeksplorasi dan mengembangkan kekuatan dalam negeri. Pembangunan ekonomi tidak dititikberatkan pada pertumbuhan tetapi pada pemerataan ekonomi. Jika di masa lampau pemerintah hanya memberikan kemudahan pada industri besar saja maka sudah saatnya pemerintah memberi kemudahan pada ekonomi rakyat.
Pemerintah dapat mengambil tindakan yang tegas untuk menentukan sistem kurs. Selama ini pemegang otoritas moneter menerapkan sistem kurs bebas. Pada satu masa sistem semacam ini mungkin saja menguntungkan karena memungkinkan suatu sistem ekonomi yang telah matang untuk masuk ke pasar finansial tingkat global. Tetapi sistem ini sangat riskan untuk negara kecil dan rentan terhadap perubahan sosial-politik di dalam negeri. Kurs tetap dapat diterapkan ketika kondisi ekternal yang rentan sudah dapat diatasi oleh sistem nilai tukar mengambang. Seberapa jauh sistem ini bisa diberlakukan tergantung perkembangan ekonomi internal dan eksternal. Otoritas moneter tidak perlu takut mengambil keputusan dalam keadaan krisis. Persoalannya bukan pada keunggulan sistem tetapi pada ketepatan sistem pada kondisi tertentu (Rachbini, 2001)
Selain kedua tindakan tersebut, kestabilan politik dan keamanan perlu diciptakan untuk melakukan reformasi ekonomi. Setelah mengalami berbagai goncangan, saat ini stabilitas keamanan di tanah air relatif lebih kondusif. Meskipun konflik di beberapa daerah masih belum sepenuhnya dapat diselesaikan namun secara umum kondisi keamanan telah stabil.
Reformasi institusional juga mutlak diperlukan dalam melakukan reformasi ekonomi karena perekonomian dapat berjalan dengan baik hanya jika didukung oleh institusi hukum dan birokrasi yang bersih. Kepastian hukum mutlak diperlukan dalam berbisnis baik bisnis yang menyangkut investasi dalam negeri maupun investasi asing. Birokrasi yang bersih, bebas KKN akan menurunkan ekonomi biaya tinggi, sehingga bisnis dapat berjalan lebih efisien.
Masalah utang luar negeri harus juga menjadi agenda reformasi ekonomi Indonesia. Capital Outflow negatif yang saat ini kita alami sangat membebani perekonomian Indonesia. APBN Indonesia yang seharusnya digunakan untuk membiayai pembangunan sebagian besar justru digunakan untuk membayar utang luar negeri. Akibatnya, Indonesia tidak dapat meningkatkan kesejahteraan rakyat. Pemerintah seharusnya melakukan serangkaian strategi yang jitu untuk memutihkan utang Indonesia karena dengan cara itulah bangsa ini dapat terlepas dari krisis ekonomi.
Dari periode ke periode kepemimpinan di Indonesia, utang sepertinya belum menjadi prioritas untuk segera ditanggulangi. Terbukti pada hampir setiap periode kepemimpinan utang Indonesia bukan semakin berkurang namun semakin bertambah. Tercatat hanya pada masa kepemimpinan Presiden B.J.Habibie dan Presiden Abdurrahman Wahid yang mampu mengurangi Utang Indonesia masing-masing sebesar US$ 3 milyar dan US$ 9 milyar. Meskipun demikian utang Indonesia tetap saja tinggi mencapai US$ 269,27 pada Januari 2014 atau sekitar 30,2% jika dibandingkan dengan GDP Indonesia pada tahun tersebut.
MENUJU EKONOMI KERAKYATAN
Berdasarkan agenda reformasi ekonomi di atas, maka sudah seharusnya kita mengubah paradigma ekonomi yang semula liberal menjadi berparadigma Pancasila. Sesungguhnya ekonomi kerakyatan yang berdasar pada Pancasila ini telah kita miliki dan tertuang dalam UUD 1945. Tetapi hingga saat ini tidak ada komitmen yang jelas dari pemerintah untuk melaksanakannya. Indonesia justru terjebak dalam sistem ekonomi liberal yang tidak sesuai dengan keadaan bangsa.
Melalui paradigma ekonomi kerakyatan, kita tidak lagi mengejar pertumbuhan ekonomi semata tetapi lebih mengutamakan pemerataan ekonomi sehingga fundamental perekonomian berdasar pada kekuatan sendiri bukan mengandalkan bantuan asing. Mengembangkan Sistem Ekonomi Kerakyatan tidak berarti menghambat proses keikutsertaan Indonesia dalam globalisasi, yaitu investasi dan perdagangan bebas. Namun jelas keterlibatan kita dalam perdagangan internasional bukanlah tujuan utama tetapi tujuan sekunder. Tujuan utama pembangunan ekonomi kerakyatan adalah meningkatkan kekuatan ekonomi nasional yang bertumpu pada ekonomi rakyat.
Melalui Ekonomi Kerakyatan diharapkan praktik KKN dapat dihapuskan karena perekonomian dilakukan, dikuasai dan dikendalikan oleh segenap rakyat. Oleh karena itu, tidak ada salah satu pihak yang dapat mengekploitasi kekuasaannya untuk mendapatkan keuntungan pribadi. Di sisi lain karena berorientasi pada pemerataan ekonomi maka diharapkan semua orang akan mendapatkan kesejahteraan yang relatif sama.
Ekonomi Kerakyatan tidak mengabaikan sektor formal namun lebih memperhatikan, melindungi dan memberikan prioritas pada usaha-usaha ekonomi rakyat yang selama sepuluh tahun terakhir diabaikan. Sektor formal dapat tumbuh dan berkembang dengan meningkatkan kemampuan mereka sendiri bukan semata-mata bergantung pada kemudahan yang diberikan pemerintah seperti yang selama ini mereka nikmati.
Otonomi daerah yang saat ini diterapkan di Indonesia merupakan salah satu cara yang dapat dilakukan untuk menerapkan Ekonomi Kerakyatan. Melalui otonomi tersebut diharapkan pembangunan tidak saja berpusat di Jakarta tetapi di seluruh daerah secara bersamaan. Masing-masing daerah dapat mengembangkan potensi ekonomi rakyatnya masing-masing. Meskipun saat ini otonomi daerah masih berjalan terseok-seok akibat perbedaan persepsi (kepentingan) pemerintah pusat dan daerah dalam penerapan otonomi daerah namun seiring dengan tingkat partisipasi masyarakat yang lebih tinggi diharapkan pelaksanaan otonomi berjalan lebih baik.
Penitikberatan pada pemerataan ekonomi melalui penerapan Sistem Ekonomi Kerakyatan diharapkan akan dapat menghapuskan kemiskinan. Jika sebagian dari kekayaan yang biasanya dinikmati oleh pemilik modal dikelola oleh rakyat banyak maka perekonomian secara umum akan meningkat dan merata. Ekonomi Kerakyatan menitikberatkan pada kesejahteraan sosial melalui perlindungan terhadap kaum yang kalah dalam persaingan.
Ekonomi Kerakyatan terus dikembangkan dengan berbagai kebijakan pemerintah. Misalnya melalui regulasi seperti pada masa Presiden B.J.Habibie yang menetapkan peraturan tentang larangan praktek monopoli dan persaingan usaha tidak sehat tahun 1999. Kemudian peningkatan kapasitas modal usaha bagi usaha kecil seperi Kredit Usaha Rakyat (KUR) pada masa Presiden SBY. Meskipun belum menunjukkan keberhasilan yang signifikan namun usaha untuk mengembangkan Ekonomi Kerakyatan tetap ada.
Pada masa pemerintah Presiden Joko Widodo, diharapkan akan muncul kebijakan-kebijakan yang mampu mendorong ekonomi kerakyatan lebih maju dan berkembang. Tekad pemerintahan Presiden Jokowi untuk mewujudkan ekonomi penuh kemandirian yang mensejahterakan melalui penguatan agribisnis kerakyatan dan penguatan ekonomi dari kawasan pinggiran dan desa diharapkan menjadi semangat baru bagi berkembangnya ekonomi kerakyatan ke depan.
Rangkuman Reformasi Ekonomi Di Indonesia
Krisis moneter yang dialami oleh Indonesia sejak tahun 1997 disebabkan oleh faktor internal dan eksternal. Faktor internal adalah defisit transaksi berjalan Indonesia yang cenderung membesar dari tahun ke tahun, tingkat akumulasi inflasi Indonesia yang sangat tinggi dan utang luar negeri Indonesia yang terlalu banyak sehingga terjadi outflow negatif. Faktor eksternal yang mendorong terjadinya krisis moneter adalah pergerakan finansial di tiga kutub dunia (AS, Eropa dan Jepang), terdapat institusi finansial berbentuk negara dan lembaga keuangan yang memiliki otoritas yang lebih besar daripada negara berkembang, dan spekulasi yang mengiringi gejolak finansial global.
Krisis moneter yang dialami oleh Indonesia ternyata tidak dapat diselesaikan dengan negara Asia Tenggara lain seperti Malaysia dan Thailand karena fundamental ekonomi yang lemah dan gejolak politik. Oleh karena itu, Indonesia harus melakukan reformasi ekonomi antara lain dengan cara: memperbaiki fundamental ekonomi yang bertitiktolak pada pemerataan ekonomi, melakukan tindakan yang tegas dalam menentukan sistem kurs, menciptakan kestabilan politik dan keamanan, melakukan reformasi institusi hukum dan birokrasi, dan melakukan pemutihan utang luar negeri.
Reformasi ekonomi tersebut hanya dapat dilakukan jika para pemegang keputusan ekonomi mengubah paradigma liberal menjadi paradigma ekonomi kerakyatan yang berdasar pada Pancasila dan UUD 1945. Melalui Sistem Ekonomi kerakyatan diharapkan pemerataan ekonomi dapat berjalan sehingga fundamental ekonomi bertumpu pada kemampuan sendiri bukan pada bantuan asing. Lebih lanjut kemiskinan dan praktik KKN dapat ditekan karena semua pihak dilibatkan dalam perekonomian.
Sumber
Hamid, Edy Suandi. 2021. Perekonomian Indonesia. Tanggerang Selatan: Penerbit Universitas Terbuka. Hal 1.22
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