SEJARAH BANK PERKREDITAN RAKYAT DI INDONESIA
SEJARAH BANK PERKREDITAN RAKYAT DI INDONESIA
Sejarah bank perkreditan rakyat di Indonesia cukup panjang. Landasan Hukum BPR adalah UU No.7/1992 tentang Perbankan sebagaimana telah diubah dengan UU No.10/1998. Dalam UU tersebut secara tegas disebutkan bahwa BPR adalah Bank yang melaksanakan kegiatan usaha secara konvensional atau berdasarkan prinsip syariah yang dalam kegiatannya tidak memberikan jasa dalam lalu lintas pembayaran.
Baca Juga: Operasional Bank Syariah di Indonesia
BPR telah ada di Indonesia jauh sebelum Indonesia merdeka tahun 1945. Keberadaan BPR berawal dari keinginan untuk membantu para petani, pegawai, dan buruh untuk melepaskan diri dari jerat pelepas uang (rentenir) yang memberikan kredit dengan bunga tinggi. Pendirian BPR ini sudah dimulai sejak abad kesembilanbelas. Saat itu sumber pendanaan untuk memperoleh pinjaman di desa hanyalah rentenir yang menerapkan bunga tinggi bahkan mencapai 100 – 200 persen per tahun. Karena kondisi ini muncul gagasan untuk untuk mendirikan Lembaga Perkreditan Rakyat (LPR). Ide mendirikan LPR ini muncul pada akhir abad ke-19.
Pendiri BPR yang pertama adalah Raden Bei Aria Wiriatmadja, seorang pribumi yang menjabat patih di Purwokerto (Siamat, 2005). Pada waktu itu didirikan Bank Bantuan dan Tabungan Pegawai Pemerintah Indonesia, yang memberikan pinjaman kepada para pegawai negeri bangsa Indonesia, pada para tukang dan petani agar mereka terbebas dari jeratan rentenir dan sistem ijon. Pada waktu yang hampir bersamaan, yaitu tahun 1898 didirikan pula lembaga perkreditan di daerah pedesaan yang memberikan pinjaman berupa padi. Lembaga ini selanjutnya disebut Lumbung Desa. Selanjutnya, pada 1904 didirikan Bank Desa, dan pada masa berikutnya lembaga-lembaga tersebut dikenal dengan nama Badan Kredit Desa (BKD).
Pada pasca kemerdekaan didirikan Bank Pasar (www.bi.go.id) , Bank Karya Produksi Desa (BKPD). Selanjutnya pada awal 1970an didirikan Lembaga Dana Kredit Pedesaan (LDKP) oleh Pemerintah Daerah. Tahun 1988, merupakan momentum bagi perkembangan BPR di Indonesia. Pada tahun 1988 Pemerintah mengeluarkan Paket Kebijakan Oktober 1988 (PAKTO 1988) melalui Keputusan Presiden RI No.38 yang menjadi momentum awal pendirian BPR-BPR baru. Kebijakan tersebut memberikan kejelasan mengenai keberadaan dan kegiatan usaha “Bank Perkreditan Rakyat” atau BPR. Pada tahun 1992, keberadaan BPR tersebut menjadi semakin semakin jelas dengan diberlakukannya Undang-Undang No.7 tahun 1992 tentang Perbankan.
Dalam Undang-Undang tersebut BPR diberikan landasan hukum yang jelas sebagai salah satu jenis bank selain Bank Umum. Undang-Undang No.7 tahun 1992 tentang Perbankan sebagaimana telah diubah dengan Undang-Undang No. 10 tahun 1998 secara eksplisit menyatakan bahwa Bank Perkreditan Rakyat adalah bank yang melaksanakan kegiatan usaha secara konvensional atau berdasarkan Prinsip Syariah yang dalam kegiatannya tidak memberikan jasa dalam lalu lintas pembayaran. Bank Perkreditan Rakyat yang kegiatan usahanya mengikuti Prinsip Syariah selanjutnya disebut Bank Pembiayaan Rakyat Syariah atau BPRS.
Selain memberi definsi yang jelas, Undang-Undang No.7 tahun 1992 tentang Perbankan sebagaimana telah diubah dengan Undang-Undang No. 10 tahun 1998 juga mengatur bahwa Bank Desa, Lumbung Desa, Bank Pasar, Bank Pegawai, Lumbung Pitih Nagari (LPN), Lembaga Perkreditan Desa (LPD), Badan Kredit Desa (BKD), Badan Kredit Kecamatan (BKK), Kredit Usaha Rakyat Kecil (KURK), Lembaga Perkreditan Kecamatan (LPK), Bank Karya
Produksi Desa (BKPD) dan/atau lembaga-lembaga lainnya yang dipersamakan dengan itu diberikan status sebagai Bank Perkreditan Rakyat berdasarkan undang-undang ini dengan memenuhi persyaratan tata cara yang ditetapkan dengan Peraturan Pemerintah.
Dasar pertimbangan pengubahan lembaga-lembaga dimaksud menjadi BPR adalah bahwa lembaga-lembaga tersebut telah tumbuh dan berkembang dari lingkungan masyarakat Indonesia, serta masih diperlukan oleh masyarakat, maka keberadaan lembaga tersebut perlu diakui. Oleh karenanya Undang- undang perbankan memberikan kejelasan status dari lembaga-lembaga dimaksud. Selanjutnya untuk menjamin kesatuan dan keseragaman dalam pembinaan dan pengawasan, maka dengan Peraturan Pemerintah ditetapkan persyaratan dan tata cara pemberian status lembaga-lembaga dimaksud sebagai Bank Perkreditan Rakyat.
Dasar pertimbangan lain pengubahan lembaga-lembaga tersebut menjadi BPR, adalah untuk lebih menunjang pembangunan dan modernisasi di daerah pedesaan, keberadaan dan kejelasan status serta perkembangan Bank Perkreditan Rakyat perlu dibina dan diarahkan agar dapat memperluas jangkauan pelayanannya dan memberi kepastian berusaha bagi Bank Perkreditan Rakyat di segala pelosok tanah air.
Selanjutnya perubahan lembaga-lembaga keuangan desa menjadi BPR diatur dengan Peraturan Pemerintah No. 71 tahun 1992. Dalam PP No.71/1992 mengatur bahwa Lembaga Keuangan Bukan Bank yang telah memperoleh izin usaha dari Menteri Keuangan dan lembaga-lembaga keuangan kecil seperti Bank Desa, Lumbung Desa, Bank Pasar, Bank Pegawai, LPN, LPD, BKD, BKK, KURK, LPK, BKPD, dan lembaga lembaga lainnya yang dipersamakan dengan itu dapat diberikan status sebagai BPR dengan memenuhi persyaratan dan tata cara yang ditetapkan untuk menjadi BPR dalam jangka waktu sampai dengan 31 Oktober 1997.
Baca Juga: Tujuan Laporan Keuangan
Pengaturan BPR tersebut menjadikan jumlah BPR semakin berkembang. Saat ini jumlah BPR di Indonesia sebanyak 1669, sedangkan BPRS sejumlah 156. Sementara itu jumlah Bank Umum adalah sebanyak 120. Meskipun jumlah BPR jauh lebih banyak dari bank umum, namun pangsa BPR dalam menyalurkan kredit baru sekitar 2% dari total kredit yang disalurkan bank umum dan BPR.
Referensi :
Murti Lestari. 2015. Bank dan Lembaga Keuangan Nonbank. Penerbit Universitas Terbuka: Tanggerang Selatan. Hal 4.27
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